Criticism of theory x and y pdf

Theory x and theory y type leadership behavior and its impact. Theory xy douglas mcgregor and theory z william ouichi. Theory x and theory y in 1960, douglas mcgregor formulated theory x and theory y suggesting two aspects of human behaviour at work, or in other words, two different views of individuals employees. In his book the human side of enterprise 1960, douglas mcgregor studied behavior patterns of individuals in the workplace, and formulated the x and y theory. As you would expect, theory y sees motivation in the opposite manner of theory x. This 2 minutes clip will give you an insight about. Sep 02, 2015 application theory x management style is widely accepted as inferior to others, it has its place in large scale production operation and unskilled production line work. It was first published in his book the human side of enterprise. In actual practice, most managers today practice a combination of theory x and theory y styles of management. Theory y maintains that human beings are active rather than passive shapers of. Douglas mcgregor, an american social psychologist, proposed his famous xy theory in his 1960 book the human side of enterprise.

You might, for instance, have a tendency to micromanage or, conversely, you may prefer to take a more handsoff approach. Theory x, theory y by douglas mcgregor is a motivation theory. Theory x and y were created and developed by douglas mcgregor in the 1960s. Depending upon controllable conditions, work may be a source of satisfaction, or a source of punishment. Douglas mcgregor is a social psychologist and applied two sets of assumptions to the organizational structure called theory x and theory y. The theory x and theory y are not based on a single truth. Theory x is perhaps visible in low paid or menial work but employees in those situations will move on in search of positions with theory y conditions if they are motivated. Despite these criticisms, mcgregors theory x and y have.

He avoided descriptive labels and simply called the theories theory x and theory y. Many theorists support that mcgregors theory considers the field of management from a new angle, indicating a strong influential value. May 15, 2017 if theory y embraces, the organisation can accurately perform several elements to attach the motivational dynamism of its employees. Theory y put forward the idea that management by objectives and involving workers in the decisionmaking process would lead to the creation of a satisfied and more productive workforce. This article describes the theory x and theory y of douglas mcgregor. Douglas mc gregors assumption is base upon theory x and theory y. Since their style of directing is encouraging, it only becomes a problem when its noticeably disingenuous or ineffective with the team as a whole. The democratic approach of theory y makes people feel comfortable as a result of which they commit themselves wholeheartedly to the organization.

Theory y management style is suited to knowledge work and professional services. Motivation, theory x and y, classroom, management manager and organisation introduction douglas mcgregor, an american social psychologist, proposed his famous theory x and y in his book the human side of enterprise in 1960. Mcgregors ideas suggest that there are two fundamental approaches to managing people. Feedback from a theory x and theory y perspective design shack. My boss asks me politely to do things, gives me reasons why, and invites my suggestions. One criticism of mcgregors theory y is that it may not be possible for the superior. The latter theory has a much more positive view about employees and it is suggested that the employer is under a lot less pressure than one who is influenced by the management style of theory x. These labels describe contrasting set of assumptions about human nature. Theory x managers and theory y managers often see their perceptions of people confirmed. Maslows hierarchy of needs theory has more critics than sup. The average human being has an inherent dislike of work and will avoid it if possible. These assumptions of the theory x employee may lead to various problems, such as a tough management that believes in punishment and tight controls and a soft management who strives for harmony in the workplace, at the xepense of efficiency. Third is a criticism of theory y followed by the concluding section, theory x and theory y in the twentyfirst century. Management implications of theory y motivation leadership.

A study of mcgregorazs theory x and theory y framework. First, there has been a failure to distinguish between theory xy attitudes and theory xy behaviors. Theory y assumes that higherorder needs to dominate individuals. Xy theory questionnaire score the statements 5 always, 4 mostly, 3 often, 2 occasionally, 1 rarely, 0 never to indicate whether the situation and management style is x or y. His theory is based on managerial views of human beings. Theory x and theory y describe two views of people at work and may be used to describe two opposing management styles. Older, strictly hierarchical conceptions of c2, with narrow centralization of decision rights, highly constrained patterns of interaction, and limited information distribution tend to arise from cultural and organizational assumptions compatible with theory x. They were created by douglas mcgregor while he was working at the mit sloan school of management in the 1950s, and developed further in the 1960s. Many have categorized theory x as an autocratic type of leadership and theory y as democratic style. One criticism of mcgregors theory y is that it may not be possible for the superiorsubordinate relationship to flower organically.

Much more difficult to receive, from a feedback perspective, is a strictly theory x approach. Douglas mcgregor, an american social psychologist, proposed his famous x y theory in his 1960 book the human side of enterprise. Mcgregor 1960 famously argued that there are two types of managers. Advantages and disadvantages of theory x and y essay. Nowadays mcgregors theory is seen as outdated, representing two extremes. His work is based upon maslows hierarchy of needs, where he grouped the hierarchy into lowerorder needs theory x and higherorder needs theory y. Designmethodologyapproach an empirical study was conducted through. Douglas mcgregor 1906 1964 was a lecturer at harvard university and became the first sloan fellows professor at mit his theory x and theory y was detailed in the human side of enterprise, published in 1960. Theory x theory x assumes that employees are naturally unmotivated and dislike working, and this encourages an authoritarian style of management.

Theory x managers assume that workers are lazy, will avoid responsibility, and prefer to just get by. The three prior studies that have made this distinction were recently conducted solely to develop constructvalid measures of both. The limitations of theory x and theory y motivation self. After reading you will understand the background and the practical basics of these leadership styles what is theory x and theory y. Theory x and theory y douglas mcgregor douglas mcgregor in his book, the human side of enterprise published in 1960 has examined theories on behavior of individuals at work, and he has formulated two models which he calls theory x and theory y. Perception of management toward the employees in the banking industry of. It encapsulated a fundamental distinction between management styles and has formed the basis for much subsequent writing on the subject. Challenges and limitations of theory x and theory y. Theory x assumptions believe that workers must be controlled and threatened with punishment allio, 2009. However, the theory x assumption is exaggeratedly negative while the theory y assumption is overly optimistic. The relationship between mcgregors xy theory management. Application theory x management style is widely accepted as inferior to others, it has its place in large scale production operation and unskilled production line work. Challenges and limitations of theory x and theory y motivation. Theory x management style generally get poor results compare with managers use theory y, which produces better performance and results, and allows people to grow and develop.

The x theory is also referred to as hard management style and the y theory as soft or enlightened management style. Criticism of theory x theory y nowadays mcgregors theory is seen as outdated, representing two extremes. Theory xy douglas mcgregor and theory z william ouichi theory x an authoritarian style of management the average worker dislikes work. Becaus o thiefs dislik of worke, most people mus b coercedte, controlled, directed, o threatener witdh punishment to ge thet m to pu fortt h adequate effort toward achieving organizational objectives. Mar 21, 20 theory x and theory y framework proposed by mcgregor in his classic book the human side of enterprise 1960 consists of two alternative set of assumptions. The average human being does not inherently dislike work. Beyond this point, the two theories of management diverge. Theory x and theory y are still referred to commonly in the field of management and motivation, and whilst more recent studies have questioned the rigidity of the model, mcgregors xy theory remains a valid basic principle from which to develop. It does not make allowance for employees who need a feeling of selffulfillment. Nov 25, 2019 theory x and theory y of motivation theory x and theory y of motivation by mcgregors external motivation includes the forces which exist inside the individuals as well as the controlled by the manager, including items such as salaries, working conditions, company policy and job content items, such as recognition. Mcgregor himself held to the belief that theory y assumptions were more valid than theory x.

Theory x and theory y are part of motivational theories. Theory x xplains those people who dont like to work, try to escape from work. Mcgregors theory x and theory y theory of motivation. Theory x suggests that individuals have an instilled dislike for work and try to avoid it. Theory into practice abraham maslow viewed mcgregor as a mentor. Under this theory, the employees are highly selfmotivated, and they need little encouragement from upper management to deliver quality results on a day to day basis. Theory x and theory y organization, levels, style, manager, school. Both the theories, which are very different from each other, are used by managers to motivate their employees. Both theories centre around the management styles in a working environment. Douglas mcgregor, through his wellknown theory x and theory y, drew a distinction between the assumptions about human motivation which underlie these two approaches, to this effect. Therefore most people must be motivated by forcedbribed with the threat of punishment or a reward to produce effort and work towards organizational objectives. Critically evaluate platos charges against poetry 2.

Theory x gives importance to supervision, while theory y stresses on rewards and recognition. His work is based upon maslows hierarchy of needs, where he grouped the hiera. Because employees have historically been given a flat exchange of time and energy for income, workplace incentives have often been rooted in a fear of loss of employment, in earning potential from extra productivity, or in acquiescing to managerial dominance for promotion. Pdf on nov 1, 2017, mohammad saiful islam and others published application of mcgregors theory x and theory y.

Theory x and theory y was an idea devised by douglas mcgregor in his book the human side of enterprise 1960. Mcgregor developed a philosophical view of humankind with his theory x and theory y in 1960. The limitations of theory x and theory y free download as word doc. There is no evidence to confirm that either set of assumptions is valid. Introduction to the topic through reading and studying the textbook and the websites from the course materials i have gained greater understanding and appreciation for leaderships relation to trust, the managerial viewpoints behind theory x and theory y, and the relationship of types of power to leadership within.

Theory x and theory y are still referred to commonly in the field of management and motivation, and whilst more recent studies have questioned the rigidity of the model, mcgregors x y theory remains a valid basic principle from which to develop positive management. Literary criticism and theory university of calicut. Theory x and theory y was an idea started by douglas mcgregor in the year 1960. Application of theory x and y in classroom management by. Theory y holds that humans are generally industrious, creative and able to assume responsibility enotes, 2006. The theory z is a continuation of this last style, which makes it an even more participative style than the y theory. Mcgregor formulated 2 distinct views based on 2 different assumptions about people employees in particular.

The limitations of theory x and theory y motivation. He was a strong supporter of theories x and y, and he put theory y that people want to work, achieve and take responsibility into practice in a californian electronics factory. Implications of theory x and theory y on management. Pdf theory x and theory y type leadership behavior and its. Mcgregor considers theory x and theory y as two different continua in themselves, they are not different ends of the same continuum. Pdf application of mcgregors theory x and theory y. May 15, 2017 the major distinct disadvantage of theory x and theory y is that they are put forward as challenging sets of assumptions a supervisor is either motivated by theory x or by theory y. May, 2016 many theorists support that mcgregors theory considers the field of management from a new angle, indicating a strong influential value.

Pdf theory x and theory y type leadership behavior and. Theory x percieves employees to be lazy, irresponsible and untrustworthy, while according to theory y employees are approached as one of the most valuable assets of the company. The purpose of this paper is to apply mcgregors theory x and theory y to study teacher motivation in higher education. What is the criticism of theory x and theory y answers. Theory x and theory y team management training from. Theory y managers are obviously the easiest to handle.

One criticism of mcgregors theory x is that it creates diseconomies of scale in large applications. Theory x says that the average human being is lazy and selfcentred, lacks ambition, dislikes change, and longs to be told what to do. Before he died, mcgregor began to develop a further theory which addressed the criticisms made of theories. Theory x and theory y are theories of human work motivation and management. However, modern revisions including contingency theorists argue that theory y is not essentially a progressive alternative to a dull theory x.

Douglas mcgregor has developed two sets of assumptions about human behaviour. Theory x and y managerial assumptions on followers attitudes and behaviors. According to this view, management must actively intervene to get things done. That history will explain why theory ys view of human nature is incomplete. Mcgregors work was rooted in motivation theory alongside the works of abraham maslow, who created the hierarchy of needs. Mcgregors xy theory is a natural rule for managing people. Mcgregor 2000 has pointed out that theory x management assumes that people generally are not responsible for work in contrast to theory y assuming that people are invariably selfcontrolled. In contrast to the principles of conventional management mentioned as theory x, the advocated theory y illuminated a cluster of new or redefined concepts such as selffulfilling prophecy and responsibility. It was in 1957 that douglas mcgregor first proposed the concept of theory x and theory y in the human side of. You may, however, find that you naturally favor one over the other. Motivation theory x and theory y free management books. The major distinct disadvantage of theory x and theory y is that they are put forward as challenging sets of assumptions a supervisor is either motivated by theory x or by theory y.

Theory x holds that humans generally dislike work, are irresponsible and require close supervision to do their jobs. Theory x and theory y also have implications in military command and control c2. Theory x assumes that there is a centralization of authority and very tight control over the employees, but theory y says that the authority should be decentralized and that should be leniency in control. Decentralization and allocation if organizations decentralize control and moderate the quantity of levels of management. Th average humae n bein has agnin herent dislik of wore k an wild avoil d it if possible. Both of these theories begin with the premise that managements role is to assemble the factors of production, including people, for the economic benefit of the firm. The expenditure of physical and mental effort in work is as natural as play or rest. What are the criticism of mcgregors theory x and theory y. In 1960, douglas mcgregor developed a leadership theory mcgregor theory x and theory y about organization and management in which he. Most managers will likely use a mixture of theory x and theory y. Theory y principles to encourage knowledge sharing and continuous improvement. Douglas mcgregors theory x vs theory y lucidchart blog.

Theory x and theory y of motivation explain with examples. Thus, all workers dislike work, try to avoid work, are born inherently lazy, must be constantly dominated into doing a honest. Theory x and theory y framework proposed by mcgregor in his classic book the human side of enterprise 1960 consists of two alternative set of assumptions. Either theory x or theory y assumptions may be appropriate in a particular situation. X and consider using the techniques suggested by theory y. The idea behind using letters x and y, perhaps seems to be using a neutral terminology, which does not convey any sense of badness or goodness associated with these theories.